Q Rev Biol 91:389–418īrantjes NBM, Leemans JAAM (1976) Silene otites (Caryophyllaceae) pollinated by nocturnal lepidoptera and mosquitoes. Can J Bot 58:1744–1746īorges RM, Somanathan H, Kelber A (2016) Patterns and processes in nocturnal and crepuscular pollination services. Plant Syst Evol 174:93–101īertin RI, Willson MF (1980) Effectiveness of diurnal and nocturnal pollination of two milkweeds. Q Rev Biol 36:64–73īerry PE, Calvo RN (1991) Pollinator limitation and position dependent fruit set in the high Andean orchid Myrosmodes cochleare (Orchidaceae). simplex.īaker HG (1961) The adaptation of flowering plants to nocturnal and crepuscular pollinators. We conclude that although the frequency and diversity of diurnal pollinators is far higher than that of nocturnal pollinators, both exhibit different foraging behaviour that generates complementary effects on the reproductive success of E. Diurnally pollinated plants set more fruit in their upper parts whereas nocturnally pollinated plants set fruit in both upper and bottom sections. In general, plants excluded from pollinators set less fruits than open-pollination (control) plants which set fruits homogeneously across sections. Nocturnal visitors included at least ten morphospecies of moths (such as Paradrina rebeli and Eupithecia sp.), two coleopteran species (mainly Alloxantha sp.), neuropterans ( Chrysoperla carnea), dictyopterans ( Phyllodromica brullei), dermapterans ( Guanchia sp.) and julidans ( Ommatoiulus moreletii). In this study, we identified nocturnal visitors and compared their pollination effectiveness with that of diurnal pollinators in different inflorescence sections by means of selective exclosures in NE Tenerife (Canary Islands). Woody endemic Echium simplex possesses large erect inflorescences bearing thousands of flowers which are visited by a wide array of diurnal and nocturnal animals. Even less attention has received the effect of within-inflorescence spatial position (distal or proximal) on nocturnal pollinators of columnar plants, despite numerous studies examining the relationship between such position and reproductive success. Nocturnal pollination plays an important role in sexual plant reproduction but has been overlooked, partially because of intrinsic difficulties in field experimentation.
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